Chinese characters : Query result

Character: 仇

Modern (Beijing) reading: chóu

Preclassic Old Chinese: gu

Classic Old Chinese: gu

Western Han Chinese: gǝw

Eastern Han Chinese: gǝw

Early Postclassic Chinese: giw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: gǝw

Late Postclassic Chinese: gǝw

Middle Chinese: gǝw

English meaning : mate, companion; partner, enemy

Russian meaning[s]: 1) враг, соперник; 2) ненавидеть, мстить; [qiú] 1) пара, чета; 2) Цю (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 讎也.從人.九聲.

Comments: The word may be written as 逑 (q.v.) in Shi, which allows us to reconstruct unaspirated *g-. The modern reading chóu is a result of confusion with 讎 *dhu q.v.; regularly qiú would be expected.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 7728

Go-on: gu

Kan-on: kiu

Shijing occurrences: 7.2_

Character: 仍

Modern (Beijing) reading: réng

Preclassic Old Chinese: nhǝŋ

Classic Old Chinese: nhǝŋ

Western Han Chinese: nhǝŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: ńhǝŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ńhɨŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ńhɨŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ńhɨŋ

Middle Chinese: ńɨŋ

English meaning : be done repeatedly

Russian meaning[s]: по-прежнему, как прежде; как обычно; все еще; опять

Comments: For *nh cf. Fuzhou iŋ¹.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 4611

Vietnamese reading: nhu'ng

Character: 今

Modern (Beijing) reading: jīn

Preclassic Old Chinese: k(r)ǝm

Classic Old Chinese: k(r)ǝm

Western Han Chinese: k(r)ǝm

Eastern Han Chinese: k(r)ǝm

Early Postclassic Chinese: kim

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kim

Late Postclassic Chinese: kim

Middle Chinese: kim

Fanqie: 基音

Rhyme class: 侵

English meaning : now, today, this (day, month, year)

Russian meaning[s]: 1) теперь, ныне; сегодня; современный; 2) этот; данный, настоящий

Shuowen gloss: 是時也. 從亼. 從フ. フ古文及.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 2787

Karlgren code: 0651 a-e

Shijing occurrences: 20.2_

Character: 介

Modern (Beijing) reading: jiè

Preclassic Old Chinese: krēts

Classic Old Chinese: krēć

Western Han Chinese: krjāś

Eastern Han Chinese: kriāś

Early Postclassic Chinese: kiẹ̄ś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kiẹ̄̀j

Late Postclassic Chinese: kiẹ̄̀j

Middle Chinese: kạ̈̀j

English meaning : be great, increasing

Russian meaning[s]: 1) быть в промежутке; посредничать, сводить; вводить; рекомендовать; посредник; сват; проводник; 2) быть одиноким, стоять изолированно; 3) панцырь, латы; раковина; чешуя; 4) большой, великий; крепкий; вежл. Ваш; 5) маленький, крошечный, незначительный, вм. 芥; 6) помогать; 7) Цзе (фамилия); [gà] вост. диал. такой

Comments: Used also for homonymous *krēts 'to assist' and *krēts 'armor'; during LZ also used for *krēt (MC kạ̈t, Pek. jia) 'obliquely'; 'sudden'.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 2696

Karlgren code: 0327 a-c

Jianchuan Bai: kɛ2

Dali Bai: ker3

Bijiang Bai: qa2

Character: 仄

Modern (Beijing) reading: zè

Preclassic Old Chinese: ćrǝk

Classic Old Chinese: crǝk

Western Han Chinese: c̣ǝk

Eastern Han Chinese: c̣ǝk

Early Postclassic Chinese: c̣ɨk

Middle Postclassic Chinese: c̣ɨk

Late Postclassic Chinese: c̣ɨk

Middle Chinese: c̣ɨk

English meaning : slanting, oblique [LZ]

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 0924 c-d

Character: 元

Modern (Beijing) reading: yuán

Preclassic Old Chinese: ŋon

Classic Old Chinese: ŋwan

Western Han Chinese: ŋwan

Eastern Han Chinese: ŋwan

Early Postclassic Chinese: ŋwan

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ŋwǝn

Late Postclassic Chinese: ŋwǝn

Middle Chinese: ŋʷǝn

English meaning : be at the head, first, eldest, principal

Russian meaning[s]: 1) голова; глава; главный, первый; 2) начало; начальный, первоначальный; основной, исконный, вм. 原; 3) юань; доллар; иена; монета; 4) большой; 5) совершенный; 6) мат. неизвестное; 7) цикл в 60 лет; 8) юаньская (монгольская) династия (1280 - 1367 гг.); монгольская эпоха; 9) 13-е число (в телеграммах); 10) Юань (фамилия)

Comments: Standard Sino-Viet. is nguyên; Viet. ngọn may reflect a variant *ŋon-s. For *ŋ- cf. Xiamen guan², Chaozhou ŋueŋ², Fuzhou ŋuoŋ², Jianou ŋüiŋ².

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 10

Four-angle index: 7292

Karlgren code: 0257 a-c

Vietnamese reading: ngọn

Character: 允

Modern (Beijing) reading: yǔn [yūn]

Preclassic Old Chinese: lurʔ

Classic Old Chinese: lún

Western Han Chinese: lún

Eastern Han Chinese: źún

Early Postclassic Chinese: źún

Middle Postclassic Chinese: jún

Late Postclassic Chinese: jún

Middle Chinese: jǘn

Fanqie: 谷窘

Rhyme class: 軫 [a] 先 [b]

English meaning : to trust; be true, sincere

Russian meaning[s]: 1) соглашаться; разрешать, позволять, допускать; допустим, что...; 2) подходящий, соответствующий; 3) верить, доверить; правдивый

Shuowen gloss: 信也. 從儿. {已}聲.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 10

Four-angle index: 7508

Karlgren code: 0468 a-c

Shijing occurrences: 50.2

Character: 內

Modern (Beijing) reading: nèi

Preclassic Old Chinese: nǝ̄ps

Classic Old Chinese: nǝ̄ć

Western Han Chinese: nǝ̄ś

Eastern Han Chinese: nǝ̄ś

Early Postclassic Chinese: nǝ̄ś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: nǝ̄̀j

Late Postclassic Chinese: nǝ̄̀j

Middle Chinese: nòj

English meaning : inside, interior; within

Russian meaning[s]: 1) внутренний; содержимое; содержаться; скрытый; внутри; в, в течение; 2) послелог обстоятельства места и времени, часто с 在 впереди; 3) жена; по женской линии; домашний, семейный; частный; 4) утроба, внутренности

Comments: Viet. nấp (cf. also núp 'to take cover, shelter') may be just a chance coincidence; otherwise, it must be a very archaic loan, or else a loan from some aberrant dialect. The regular Sino-Viet. form is nội. For *n cf. Xiamen lai⁶, Chaozhou lai⁴, Fuzhou nöü⁶, Jianou no⁶.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 11

Four-angle index: 3956

Karlgren code: 0695 e-g

Vietnamese reading: nấp

Character: 六

Modern (Beijing) reading: liù

Preclassic Old Chinese: rhuk

Classic Old Chinese: rhuk

Western Han Chinese: rhǝuk

Eastern Han Chinese: rhǝuk

Early Postclassic Chinese: lhɨuk

Middle Postclassic Chinese: lhuk

Late Postclassic Chinese: lhuk

Middle Chinese: lük

Fanqie: 閭育

Rhyme class: 屋

English meaning : be six, six

Russian meaning[s]: шесть; шестой; июнь

Shuowen gloss: 易之數. 陰變於六. 正於八. 從入. 從八. 凡六之屬皆從六.

Comments: For *rh- cf. Jianyang so⁸, Shaowu su⁷, Meixian liuk⁷; Siam. hok, Zhuang lɔk (*xrok).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 12

Four-angle index: 7834

Karlgren code: 1032 a-d

Jianchuan Bai: fü6

Dali Bai: fü6

Bijiang Bai: fü6

Shijing occurrences: 47.1, 53.3_

Character: 兮

Modern (Beijing) reading: xī

Preclassic Old Chinese: g(h)ēj

Classic Old Chinese: g(h)ē

Western Han Chinese: gē (~ ɣ-)

Eastern Han Chinese: gē (~ ɣ-)

Early Postclassic Chinese: gē (~ ɣ-)

Middle Postclassic Chinese: gē (~ ɣ-)

Late Postclassic Chinese: gē (~ ɣ-)

Middle Chinese: ɣiej

English meaning : a postposed prosodic linefiller, "oh!"

Russian meaning[s]: 1) о!, да!, о если бы!, когда бы!; 2) эвфоническая частица в древних стихах на месте цезуры или в конце строки

Shuowen gloss: 語所稽也.從**八.象氣越虧也.

Comments: Modern 1st tone is irregular (xí would be normally expected) and is due to the fact that the word is long obsolete. Its OC reading also presents some problems: the word is very frequently used as a "linefiller" in OC poetry, but never rhymes with any other word itself. It is theoretically possible to reconstruct *g(h)ē or *g(h)ēj; we prefer the latter reconstruction, because *-ēj is a much less abundant rhyme-class and the *-ēj-final could present at least some explanation for the lack of rhymes for 兮.

Radical: 12

Four-angle index: 4440

Shijing occurrences: 2.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 20. 1, 20.2, 27.1, 27.2, 27.3, 27.4, 29.1, 29.2, 29.3, 29.4, 31.5, 37.1, 37.3, 37.4, 38.4, 47.2, 47.3, 55.1, 55.2, 55.3, 57.2, 58.2

Character: 公

Modern (Beijing) reading: gōng

Preclassic Old Chinese: klōŋ

Classic Old Chinese: kōŋ

Western Han Chinese: kōŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: kōŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: kōŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kōŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: kwōŋ

Middle Chinese: kuŋ

Fanqie: 姑翁

Rhyme class: 東

English meaning : clan head, Gong; palace, court

Russian meaning[s]: 1) общий; общественный; публичный; коммунальный; делить (разделять) со всеми; открытый (напр. о водах); 2) справедливый; беспристрастный; 3) казна; казенный; официальный; 4) общепринятый; общепризнанный; метрический (перед названиями мер); 5) вежл. старец, дед; отец; свекор; господин, Вы; Ваш; 6) предок; общих предков, одного рода (напр. троюродный); 7) государь; князь; герцог; ист. гун (первая степень дворянства); 8) самец (формативный префикс для некоторых птиц, животных-самцов); 9) подвиг, заслуга, вм. 功; 10) Гун (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 平分也. 從八. 從厶. 八猶背也. 韓非曰. 背厶為公.

Comments: Later also used for 'the whole clan' > 'public'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 12

Four-angle index: 8650

Karlgren code: 1173 a-f

Vietnamese reading: công

Shijing occurrences: 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3_, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3_, 21.1_, 38.2, 38.3, 57.1

Character: 冗

Modern (Beijing) reading: rǒng

Preclassic Old Chinese: n(h)oŋʔ

Classic Old Chinese: n(h)óŋ

Western Han Chinese: n(h)óŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: ń(h)óŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ń(h)óŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ń(h)óŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ń(h)óŋ

Middle Chinese: ńö́uŋ

English meaning : excessive; scattered; silly [Han]

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Character: 凶

Modern (Beijing) reading: xiōng

Preclassic Old Chinese: sŋoŋ

Classic Old Chinese: ŋ̥oŋ

Western Han Chinese: ŋ̥oŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: ŋ̥oŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: hoŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: hoŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: hoŋ

Middle Chinese: xöuŋ

English meaning : be inauspicious, baleful, bad

Russian meaning[s]: 1) неурожай; неурожайный; голод; бедствие; 2) зло; злой; зловещий, неблагоприятный; несчастье; злодейский; убийство; 3) жестокий; жестоко; 4) здоровенный, дюжий; здорово, сильно; чрезмерно

Comments: Viet. giông is colloquial (with a somewhat strange initial reflex). Another colloquial loan is huông 'run of ill-luck'. Regular Sino-Viet. is hung.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 17

Four-angle index: 967

Karlgren code: 1183 a

Vietnamese reading: giông

Character: 分

Modern (Beijing) reading: fēn

Preclassic Old Chinese: pǝn

Classic Old Chinese: pǝn

Western Han Chinese: pǝn

Eastern Han Chinese: pwǝn

Early Postclassic Chinese: pwɨn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: pwɨn

Late Postclassic Chinese: pwɨn

Middle Chinese: pün

English meaning : to divide, separate

Russian meaning[s]: 1) делить, разделять; распределять; получать при разделе; 2) различать, разграничивать; разница, различие; 3) решать(ся), определять(ся); 4) отделить; отторгнуть; 5) выделить, уделить; выделившийся; 6) фэнь (название меры; одна десятая цунь; одна десятая му; одна сотая лян; одна сотая чи); одна десятая; 10%; 7) фэнь (одна сотая юаня); цент: копейка, сантим; сотая часть, один процент; 8) минута; 9) мат. дробь; товарная единица; [fèn] 1) пай, часть, доля; доза; 2) удел, жребий; 3) данные; 4) положение; 5) права

Comments: Also read *bǝn-s, MC bǜn, Mand. fèn, Viet. phận 'part, division, lot'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 18

Four-angle index: 4191

Karlgren code: 0471 a-c

Vietnamese reading: phân

Jianchuan Bai: fü̃4

Dali Bai: fü5

Bijiang Bai: -fer4

Character: 切

Modern (Beijing) reading: qiē qiè

Preclassic Old Chinese: shīt

Classic Old Chinese: shīt

Western Han Chinese: shjǝ̄t

Eastern Han Chinese: shiǝ̄t

Early Postclassic Chinese: shiēt

Middle Postclassic Chinese: shiēt

Late Postclassic Chinese: shiēt

Middle Chinese: chiet

English meaning : to cut

Russian meaning[s]: резать; нарезать; [qiè] 1) настоятельный, срочный, насущный; обязательно, убедительно, настоятельно; непременно; необходимо; важно; с отрицанием ни в коем случае; 2) касаться; прилегать вплотную; близкий; 3) настойчивый; давить; давящий, гнетущий; 4) короткий (о времени); 5) реальный, правдивый; эффективный; 6) исследовать, щупать (пульс)

Comments: A later meaning (attested since L.Zhou and usually read as qiè in Mand.) is 'to be close, get close' ( < 'cut'?).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 18

Four-angle index: 4182

Karlgren code: 0400 f

Vietnamese reading: thiết

Shijing occurrences: 55.1

Character: 刈

Modern (Beijing) reading: yì

Preclassic Old Chinese: ŋats

Classic Old Chinese: ŋać

Western Han Chinese: ŋaś

Eastern Han Chinese: ŋaś

Early Postclassic Chinese: ŋaś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ŋǝ̀j

Late Postclassic Chinese: ŋǝ̀j

Middle Chinese: ŋǝ̀j

English meaning : to cut, mow, reap; control, regulate, govern

Russian meaning[s]: 1) косить; жать; срезать; серп; коса; 2) убивать

Shuowen gloss: 芟草也.從****相交.刈或從刀. [627]

Comments: Also written as ヾ without the knife radical; sometimes also written in Shijing as 艾 (q.v.). For *ŋ cf. Xiamen ŋai⁶, Chaozhou ŋai⁴, Fuzhou ŋie⁶, Jianou ŋi⁶.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 18

Four-angle index: 2900

Karlgren code: 0347 a-b

Go-on: ge

Kan-on: gai

Japanese reading: ge;gai;karu;osameru;osamaru

Shijing occurrences: 2.2, 9.2, 9.3

Character: 勻

Modern (Beijing) reading: yún

Preclassic Old Chinese: win

Classic Old Chinese: win

Western Han Chinese: wjǝn

Eastern Han Chinese: źwǝn

Early Postclassic Chinese: źwɨn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: jwɨn

Late Postclassic Chinese: jwɨn

Middle Chinese: jwin

English meaning : little, few [Han]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) равный; ровный; равномерный; поровну; одинаково, в равной мере; распределить поровну; уравновесить; 2) уделить, выделить; 3) намазать кремом и припудрить

Comments: Later used for homonymous *win 'even, uniform'.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 20

Four-angle index: 4271

Karlgren code: 0391 a-b

Character: 勾

Modern (Beijing) reading: gōu

Preclassic Old Chinese: kō

Classic Old Chinese: kō

Western Han Chinese: kwā

Eastern Han Chinese: kwā

Early Postclassic Chinese: kōw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kǝ̄w

Late Postclassic Chinese: kǝ̄w

Middle Chinese: kʌw

English meaning : hook, be curved

Russian meaning[s]: 1) крюк; кривой; 2) поймать на крючок; завлечь; соблазнять; 3) вступить в связь; 4) делать пометки в рукописи; зачеркивать; знак вставки; вставка; 5) Гоу (фамилия)

Comments: The graph is rather late - before Song both 勾 and 句 were not distinguished. In the verbal meaning ('be curved') the character is sometimes glossed as MC kʌ̀w, OC *kō-s - although the actual Shijing rhyme (246, 6) does not support it. Viet. also has kều, khều to pull with a stick; quèo, kèo hook - all most probably < Chinese, as well as Khmer ka:w 'to pull smth. with a hook or stick'.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 20

Four-angle index: 4357

Karlgren code: 0108 a-b

Vietnamese reading: câu

Character: 勿

Modern (Beijing) reading: wù [+mò]

Preclassic Old Chinese: mǝt

Classic Old Chinese: mǝt

Western Han Chinese: mǝt

Eastern Han Chinese: mwǝt

Early Postclassic Chinese: mwɨt

Middle Postclassic Chinese: mwɨt

Late Postclassic Chinese: mwɨt

Middle Chinese: müt

Fanqie: 無佛 [a] 莫訥 [+b]

Rhyme class: 物 [a] 月 [+b]

English meaning : the injunctive-volitional negative: should not, don't

Russian meaning[s]: не, не смей, не надо

Shuowen gloss: 州里所建旗. 象其柄. 有三游. 雜帛幅半異. 所以趣民. 故遽稱勿. 勿之屬皆從勿. 勿或從於.

Comments: Also used for 毋之 *mǝ+tǝ "do not...it".

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 20

Four-angle index: 4375

Karlgren code: 0503 a-g

Shijing occurrences: 16.1, 16.2, 16.3

Character: 化

Modern (Beijing) reading: huà

Preclassic Old Chinese: sŋrōjs

Classic Old Chinese: ŋ̥rwājh

Western Han Chinese: ŋ̥rwājh

Eastern Han Chinese: ŋ̥rwǟh

Early Postclassic Chinese: hwạ̄̀

Middle Postclassic Chinese: hwạ̄̀

Late Postclassic Chinese: hwạ̄̀

Middle Chinese: xwạ̀

English meaning : to transform, change

Russian meaning[s]: 1) превращаться, изменяться; метаморфоза, превращение; 2) химия; химический; 3) культивировать, цивилизовать; 4) творить; родить; творческая сила природы; 5) таять; растворяться; перевариваться; исчезать; 6) обрести (придать) значение; -изировать, -изация; суффикс глаголов и существительных, означающих превращение, движение к...; [huā] тратить, вм. 花

Comments: The earliest form was probably *sŋrōjs (changed to *sŋʷrājh already in E.Zhou).

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 21

Four-angle index: 6982

Karlgren code: 0019 a-b

Vietnamese reading: hóa